Some unexpected and unusual answers found in the students' answer scripts
Flagella:
bullet   It helps in permeability of cell, transfusion in substances and gives energy to the cell.
bullet   Flagella is a skin disease which is characterized by yellowish-bluish pigmentation.
bullet   It has three parts; head, body and tail.
Infection:
bullet   Transmission of infection requires a suitable culture media.
Culture medium:
bullet   It has the following; water, extracted meat, protein and acetone.
Elek's test:
bullet   It is an antigen-antibody reaction for the agglutination reaction.
bullet   In this test serum of Loeffler's medium is taken and injected into two guinea pigs.
Adaptive immunity:
bullet   Against some disease there undergoes some adaptations in the tissue to counter the disease.
bullet   It can be described as resistance to the fight against foreign bacteria.
bullet   In this, the patient or person adapts himself to the antigens of disease.
IMViC:
bullet   Vi is the antigen used in widal.
bullet   This test is carried out for knowing the immunity of individual , hence it is a type of immunological test.
bullet   IMViC is a vaccine derived from a virus for producing artificial active immunity.
bullet   Koch's reagent is used in indole test.
bullet   It is used to test the immune response of the patient, it is mainly for the viruses.
bullet   It is a special test done for Salmonella sps.
bullet   It is used for detection of anerobic bacteria.
bullet   It is done at high pressure,
bullet   It is an antigen-antibody reaction done to detect Rheumatic fever causing antigen.
bullet   It is done in antibiotic sensitive slide.
Nosocomial infections:
bullet   These infections are restricted to nasal and mucosal membrane.
bullet   Infection which occurs through nasal route, which is very difficult to take place is nosocomial infection.
Complement:
bullet   Complement are the factor in the serum that are required for antigen-antibody reaction.
bullet   There are type1, type 2, type 3 and type 4 complements.
bullet   Complement in health may be useful for growth and treatment of diseases.
bullet   Complement is needed in many places.
Nobel laureates:
bullet   Wilson & Blair
bullet   Lowenstein Jensen
bullet   Hans Christian Gram
bullet   Simmon
bullet   Loeffler
bullet   Louis Pasteur
bullet   Dr. Nobel
IgM:
bullet   It helps in the maintenance of optimum concentration of electrolytes in the blood and thus protects the blood.
IgG:
bullet   IgG is the only immunoglobulin which can cross the placenta and supply nutrition to the new child.
bullet   It is defined as globlin that have immunity to produce immune response as they produce Ig in immunity.
Millionaire molecule:
bullet   DNA molecule is also known as millionaire molecule as it is rich source of genetic information.
bullet   Water is named millionaire molecule because culture media, sterilization, for antigen-antibody reaction it is used. It acts as a vehicle for many experiments.
bullet   These are substances present in large numbers.
Weil Felix test:
bullet   Used to detect antibodies against S. typhi patients.
Widal test:
bullet   Used for diagnosis of tuberculous bacilli.
Cold agglutination:
bullet   This test is used to identify gemagglutinogens.
Paul Bunnel test:
bullet   It is done for cold testing and is for infectious mononucleosis.
Hemagglutination:
bullet   In this hemoglobin is used as antigen and agglutination is observed.
Coomb's test:
bullet   It is a test to detect the antibody using commercially prepared antigen or antigens obtained from other organisms.
bullet   Helps in the detection of various infective diseases.
Electron Microscope:
bullet   Here the electrons of 0.005 nm in size are used instead of light and other radiations.
bullet   When beam of light rays falls on the object through the condenser beam of electrons are reflected.
bullet   Minute organisms can be seen, UV light is used.
bullet   Used in laboratories to detect antibodies present.
bullet   Resolving power or EM is 10 times more than light microscope.
bullet   It helps to differentiate culture media.
bullet   Electron beam of light is used to see microorganisms.
bullet   It is used for detection of antigen-antibody reactions, for isolation of pure strains of bacteria.
bullet   It is used in agglutination reactions.
BPL:
bullet   Beta-propionaldehyde
Vaccines:
bullet   There are two types of vaccines, live vaccine and dead vaccines.
bullet   BCG vaccine is for typhoid.
bullet   Vaccine are disinfective substances which are of diseased animals or plant antigen, which causes inhibition of growth of bacterias in our body.
bullet   Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin vaccine.
bullet   The vaccine when introduced in the body cause destruction of genetic material of the disease causing bacteria.
Exotoxins:
bullet   Exotoxins are substances that are present in the body.
bullet   Bacterial toxins are used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Endotoxins:
bullet   Endotoxins are produced outside the body in brucellosis. They have no latent heat.
Transduction:
bullet   Gene transfer occur through special structure called bacteriophage.
bullet   Transduction is a process by which the transfer of DNA takes place by one gene to another gene. It takes place by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Transformation:
bullet   It is the transfer of DNA or genetic material from one bacterial cell to other bacterial cell without the aid of any involution form of bacteria.
Conjugation:
bullet   When male bacteria carry sex pili comes in contact with female bacteria and forms conjugation spore between them.
bullet   In conjugation female donor is converted to a male donor by a complement.
bullet   Conjugates are formed and the binary fission also takes place in this process.
Pasteurization:
bullet   The two method of pasteurization are holder method and free method.
bullet   Here, milk is boiled above 100oC
bullet   It is a process of purification of milk.
bullet   It is a process of boiling milk at 100oC and suddenly cooling it to 30oC. This sudden decrease in temperature helps in purification of milk and kill all the microorganisms.
Anaerobic media:
bullet   Examples are blood agar and chocolate agar.
bullet   It is a non-lactose medium.
bullet   Bacteria are cultured at 15-20% oxygen.
Precipitation:
bullet   A process of deposition of filtrate when solvent is dried off.
bullet   When antigen and antibody react and resemble as granules, it is called precipitation.
Hypersensitivity:
bullet   Sudden response of cell to antigenic dose is called hypersensitivity.
bullet   It is a reaction due to any stimulus, it may be higher or lower. If it is higher, it leads to reaction called hypersensitivity.
bullet   It is defined as reversible reaction of an individual to an abnormal stimulus.
bullet   It is a type of sensitivity occured when an antigen already present in the body reacts with another foreign antigen present in the body.
bullet   When a honey bee bite a person, that affected area are swell and becomes red. After someday the honey bee bite that area again, the person is not affected much because the person is sensitized to that honey bee. This is an example of type 1 hypersensitivity.
bullet   It is defined as the complex reaction taking place between antigen and antibody.
bullet   It is defined as the sensitivity of a particular foreign body to the individual.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae:
bullet   It releases a toxin called diphtheroid.
bullet   Sputum specimen is collected from throat.
bullet   Streptokinase and deoxyribonuclease enzymes also leads to pathogenesis.
bullet   They also produce hemotoxins
bullet   Diphtheria is described as uncontrolled urination.
bullet   Sample to be collected in diphtheria is deep seated pus.
bullet   Diphtheria causes diarrhea in infants and adults and is caused by ingestion of contaminated food and water.
bullet   Diphtheria is also known as whooping cough.
bullet   C. diphtheriae is the most important organism which causes diphtheria.
bullet   Diphtheria causes severe diarrhea in infants.
bullet   C. diphtheriae is gram negative cocci, which is oval in shape.
bullet   It is prevented by giving vibrio ogawa inaba vaccine.
Autoimmunity:
bullet   It is an immunity that is acquired by an individual after birth.
bullet   Type I hypersensitivity is generally caused when there is overdose of any antigen to individual.
bullet   It is defined as the sensitivity of any tissue against the foreign substance.
bullet   It is a reaction between antigen and antibody, which leads to hypersensitivity reaction.
bullet   It is defined as the bodily reaction of an organism to the bacterial invasion of body.
Herpes Simplex Virus:
bullet   This is a virus causing AIDS.
bullet   It has a inner capsule and outer capsule, which is covered by envelope with peptidoglycan.
Louis Pasteur:
bullet   He was a great scientist who made research on Pasteurization.
bullet   He invented Pasteur effect, which is very much required in the field of science.
bullet   Lewis Pasteur is the father of immunology in bacteriology.
bullet   He invented vaccine for polio, insulin etc.
bullet   He discovered penicillin and gave new idea for microbiology.
bullet   Louis Pasteur is a famous practitioner.
bullet   Louis Pasteur was president of France.
bullet   He had got noble prize for the discovery of Pasteurization
bullet   He is also called father of pasteurization of milk.
bullet   His contributions include Pasteur effect.
bullet   He said all microorganisms are derived from their liked ones.
bullet   He was a German scientist who was awarded Noble prize for discovery of penicillin.
bullet   He was a scientist from Growcestorshire.
bullet   He was a German scientist and a priest.
bullet   He invented bacteriology.
ELISA:
bullet   It is a non specific and inexpensive test.
bullet   It is one of the most useful tests in almost all fields of science.
bullet   It is an enzyme linked immunosuppressive assay.
bullet   It is an enzyme liked immunosorbant assay.
bullet   It is an enzyme linked immunosorbant adjuavnt.
Candidiasis:
bullet   It is caused by Candida isrealii.
bullet   The organ affected must be surgically removed along with penicillin therapy.
bullet   Candida is gram positive cocci in chain, the bacterium causes disease candidiasis.
bullet   It is a comment in the oral mouth.
bullet   It gives rise to bluish spots in the oral cavity.
bullet   Usage of tetracycline prevents oral thrush.
bullet   It is a chronic granulomatous infection.
Adjuvant:
bullet   There are two adjuvants, monococci and gonococci.
bullet   The agents which reduces the surface tension of any fluid is adjuvant.
bullet   These are chemical substances used in prophylaxis in bacterial lesions.
bullet   They are present in drugs, Penicillin G is used as adjuvant in certain diseases.
bullet   It is used in the detection of incomplete antibodies.
bullet   It fixes the primary dye to the cytoplasm.
bullet   Substances used to increase the activity of enzymes is called adjuvants.
bullet   Natural adjuvants are atropine and DOPA.
bullet   Any substance which the immunogenicity of the individual is called adjuvant.
bullet   These are substances or chemicals which are added to reduce the side effect of a drug or chemical.
bullet   Adjuvants are the agents that enhances the immunodeficiency of the antigen.
bullet   Adjuvants are the substances which have excitatory function on general metabolism of body.
bullet   They do not have any specific action, but improve overall condition of person.
bullet   It may also enhance the growth of bacteria in culture.
bullet   It increases the toxicity of an antigen and may render non-toxic antigen toxic.
bullet   These are substances which increase or decrease structure and function of immune system.
bullet   These are products of T cell, B cell and macrophage.
bullet   Adjuvants are those which can replace actions or functions of other substances.
bullet   There are three types of adjuvants; oral adjuvant, topical adjuvant and rectal adjuvant.
bullet   They are non-specific antigen that are not produced by specific antigens.
Chancroid:
bullet   It is the infection of soft bony tissue causing osteoporesis.
Group B Streptococci:
bullet   One side of it is spherical and the other side is flat. These are spherical shaped bacteria that are arranged in clusters.
bullet   Group B streptococci contains B gene.
Halophilic vibrios:
bullet   They are comma shaped bacteria which grow well in the presence of halogen such as flourine, bromine, chlorine and iodine.
bullet   Halophilic vibrio are group of Vibrio cholerae grown in medium without NaCl.
Clostridium tetani:
bullet   Clostridia are gram positive bacilli which are non-capsulated, non-sporing, non acid-fast aerobic bacilli.
bullet   Tetanus is a typical zoonotic disease which causes the microorganism to fight against each other to produce various lesions.
Plague:
bullet   It is caused by E. coli, Shigella, vibrio
Monoclonal antibody:
bullet   Monoclonal antibodies are the antibodies that are produced by the body for the first time.
bullet   These are antibodies, which are similar and identical to each other.
bullet   Large amounts of antibodies of higher class can be detected by monoclonal antibodies.
bullet   Hybridoma means combining two antigens and making benefit action from it.
bullet   It is used in the production of insulin, various vaccines and production of grafts to be transplanted.
Actinomyces:
bullet   It is a pus forming cell which cause pimples on face
bullet   This is a bacterium which causes syphilis in human beings.
bullet   Actinomyces cause lesion in oral cavity, tuberculosis and syphilis.
Malaria:
bullet   Malaria spreads through water, it is a water borne disease.
bullet   Plasmodium bacteria gets into the body and circulates throughout the blood.
Mumps:
bullet   it is caused due to sporing bacteria present in the body.
bullet   virus can be cultivated by two ways, chemical cultivation and physical cultivation.
bullet   The person who gets this viral infection is unable to walk or doing any kind of movements for about 10-20 minutes.
bullet   It is a viral infection producing mumps in particular area of body namely feet, head, toes etc.
Vincent's angina:
bullet   It occurs due to Vincent anthrax
bullet   it is a pneumococcal infection.
bullet   It is caused due to contamination of food & water through viruses in the air.
bullet   It is a Herpes virus belonging to the Herpes group of Herepesviridae.
bullet   The organism block the oxygen supply to the heart and cause angina.
bullet   It is one of the DNA virus that cause heart failure.
bullet   It is pain in the abdomen.
Oral thrush:
bullet   It is a disease caused by Staphylococci in ageing & dilapidated old people.
bullet   Oral thrush is mainly found in skin, genitilia, and internal organ.
bullet   The smear is incubated at 70oC about 1.5 hours, the smear appear as red nodule if it is positive.
bullet   Diclofenac sodium is the tablet preferred in oral thrush.
Carrier:
bullet   Carrier is defined as the substance that acts as a vehicle for the transport of the substance.
Disinfection:
bullet   These are substances that are free from any of the organisms that are causing any reaction/infection to the organisms.
Catalase:
bullet   Catalase is an enzyme which makes the reaction to proceed fast.
Oxidase:
bullet   Oxidase is an enzyme which it do the process of adding oxygen to reaction.
Fluctuation test:
bullet   It is a test which help us to determine how the bacteria fluctuate.
bullet   It is the test which determines the capacity of a microorganism to have pathogenicity after being repeatedly sterilized.
bullet   It is the test which depicts the fluctuation of antigens and antibodies.
bullet   In this test sedimentation occurs due to reaction between antigen and antibody, which forms a floccules and are suspended in the medium.
bullet   It is a test done for the consistency of fluid; whether it is exudate or transudate.
bullet   It is a test done to know the exact concentration at which antigen and antibody precipitate.
bullet   This test is done to detect new organism which can decompose tryptophan and release indole.
bullet   It is an identification test for bacteria. It is also called methyl peroxidase test.
Transposon:
bullet   These are the proteins which are formed due to the result of antigen-antibody reaction.
bullet   These are substances which helps in the transmission of the desired character to DNA structure.
Plasma sterilization:
bullet   It is a technique which is used to sterilize medium like Loefflers medium.
bullet   It is done by heating plasma to 56oC for 20 minutes.
bullet   It is done on blood agar medium.
bullet   It is a technique to sterilize human plasma.
Premunition:
bullet   It is defined as the mutation that occurs in the DNA structure during the replication of DNA.
bullet   It is the development of the inactive larval stage of the pathogen in the intermediate host, which is not affected.
bullet   Infection of a person by a carrier is premunition.
bullet   It is the process of killing bacteria before maturity.
bullet   Premunition are heterophile reagents that may be present in one or more forms of species.
bullet   Before the infection of any disease, vaccine given to a person is called premunition.
Capnophilic bacteria:
bullet   Capnophilic bacteria have capsule around them.
bullet   These are aerobic  bacteria that are stained by basic dyes.
bullet   Capnophilic bacteria are those which grow on the feces.
bullet   Capnophilic bacteria love cold environment.
bullet   These are capno-loving bacteria.
bullet   Capnophilic bacteria are those that grow on dead and decaying bacteria.
bullet   The bacteria which are highly resistant to the temperature in the range of 250oC are known as capnophilic bacteria.
Enriched media:
bullet   It is a type of differential media or special media.
Latent infection:
bullet   It is a type of infection in which there is a delay for the symptoms to appear from the time of entry of the pathogen into the host.
bullet   Infection produced for a long time.
bullet   Infections which occur late, even in the presence of carrier from beginning.
bullet   Pathogen when enters the body remains dormant but causes infection when the person becomes well nourished.
Robert Koch:
bullet   He introduced types of bacteriology.
bullet   Detected viruses against anthrax and plague.
bullet   He found that pure culture media can be taken from wounds.
bullet   He developed vaccine like Salk's for polio and smallpox vaccine.
Cold sterilization:
bullet   It is called chemical method of sterilization.
bullet   It is the sterilization that is done at negative temperature. E.g., refrigerator.
Autoclave:
bullet   It is a dry heat type of sterilization.
bullet   It contains cylindrical vessel coated with asbestos from inside.
Sterilization:
bullet   It is defined as growing bacteria from any organism.
Dane's particle:
bullet   It is an antibody particle which react with antigen to form antigen-antibody complex.
bullet   These are proteinaceous particles secreted by Salmonella typhi.
Coagulase test:
bullet   In this the medium contains the coagulase enzyme which dissolves coagulation in the colony. As a result the colonies are easily emulsified.
bullet   When the patients serum is added to specific antigen in the medium the reaction may take place. To check this reaction, complement is added to it later.
bullet   It is an enzyme present in S. aureus which has the property to coagulate human erythrocytes.
bullet   It is a test to identify enzymes of Streptococci.
bullet   It is the most appropriate test to differentiate between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
bullet   This test is done to determine the coagulability of bacteria.
bullet   It is the test done to see the formation of coagulase enzyme by bacteria in tissue and cells of the host.
bullet   In this the medium contains the coagulase enzyme which dissolves coagulation in the colony, as a result the colonies are easily emulsified.
bullet   When the patients serum is added to specific antigen in the medium the reaction may take place. To check this reaction, complement is added to it later.
Coagglutinatin test:
bullet   Coagglutination is a process in which both the antigen and antibody move under stimuli and coagglutinate.
bullet   It is a test in which the serum of horse and erythrocytes of sheep and antiserum are taken and allowed to react. This results in agglutination.
bullet   Complement fixation is known as coagglutination.
bullet   It is a type of agglutination of two differet types of antibodies present in serum.
bullet   It is a process of agglutination in insoluble medium.
bullet   When an antigen is added to serum, it causes agglutination. This is called coagglutination.
bullet   It is that type of material which coagulates the system.
bullet   Always antigen-antibody is not available for producing agglutination, in such situations receptors on the antigen is altered so as to undergo coagglutination.
bullet   It refers to antigen-antibody reaction of several vectors at the same time.
bullet   Coagglutination means agglutination will take place.
bullet   Coagglutination is a process in which both the antigen and antibody move under stimuli and coagglutinate.
bullet   It is a test in which the serum of horse and erythrocytes of sheep and antiserum are taken and allowed to react. This results in agglutination.
Herd immunity:
bullet   Herd immunity is also known as atopy, it runs in family.
bullet   It is also called innate or inborn immunity and it is the immunity acquired by baby from mother.
bullet   It is type of immunity in herd or community. All individuals are inert to a type of antigen.
bullet   Total resistance to chicken pox in Tokyo.
bullet   Immunity against zoonotic diseases.
bullet   It is the immunity acquired by the child from mother through colostrum.
bullet   It is also known as heredity immunity.
bullet   Immunity occurring in body when particular antigen reach the body and causes antigen antibody reaction.
bullet   Immunity in herd is called herd immunity.
bullet   Immunization of a particular place which is highly prone for to a particular disease.
bullet   It is the immunity developed by the individual to the previous immunization.
bullet   It is a type of immunity in which immune response is irregular and does not produce antigen antibody reactions.
bullet   Herd immunity is acquired by taking live attenuated and killed vaccine from other organisms like snake venom in cases of snake bites.
VDRL test:
bullet   It can be done in case of syphilis, gonorrhoea, hepatitis and sometimes HIV also. It can be used for both bacterial and viral organisms.
bullet   Modifications of VDRL are RPR, FTA & FTA-ABS tests.
bullet   Used in the serodiagnosis of various venereal diseases caused by bacteria.
bullet   It is a special test done using special slide, where it is used to see the agglutination between specimen and sheep blood.
bullet   It is used to detect typhoid fever.
bullet   Toxins produced by T. pallidum are HCO antigen. These toxins are agglutinated by specific endotoxins which agglutinates the toxins.
bullet   Venereal disease research laboratory is located in Chennai, which described VDRL test.
bullet   The slide is rotated for 180 rpm for four minutes and then incubated at 37oC for 12-24 hours.
bullet   The VDRL slide is centrifuged manually or using VDRL centrifuges.
Cholera:
bullet   Specimen collected for diagnosis is sputum and throat swab. Three early morning sputum on consecutive days is collected.
bullet   Specimen collected is sputum, laryngeal swab and urine.
bullet   The patient is asked to collect stool in a wide mouthed sterile container after proper cleaning of the genital area.
DPT Vaccine:
bullet   It contains D, P and toxin, hence it is a multi-immune complex.
bullet   DPT is also given to the person with disease as a treatment.
 
Satellitism:
bullet   It is a mode of attachment of an antigen to an antibody.
bullet   Pseudomonas has extra antigens such as X and V.
bullet   H. influenzae are arranged in a satellite. This is known as satellitism.
bullet   It refers to light in which it is focused to the line to some extent repeatedly.
Neil-Mooser reaction:
bullet   In this, antiserum of a patient suffering from typhus is injected into a normal person.
bullet   Inflammation of rectum, erythema and induration occurs. Because of rectal inflammation, testis can't be pushed back.
bullet   It is a diagnostic test for Shigella. In this test 0.1 ml of pure protein derivative is mixed with serum of bacteria.
bullet   It is done in case of Chlamydia, in diseases such as otitis, acute keratoconjunctivitis, and LGV diseases.
 

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