Some unexpected and unusual answers found in the students' answer scripts
Flagella:
  It helps in permeability of cell, transfusion in substances and gives energy to the cell.
  Flagella is a skin disease which is characterized by yellowish-bluish pigmentation.
  It has three parts; head, body and tail.
Infection:
  Transmission of infection requires a suitable culture media.
Culture medium:
  It has the following; water, extracted meat, protein and acetone.
Elek's test:
  It is an antigen-antibody reaction for the agglutination reaction.
  In this test serum of Loeffler's medium is taken and injected into two guinea pigs.
Adaptive immunity:
  Against some disease there undergoes some adaptations in the tissue to counter the disease.
  It can be described as resistance to the fight against foreign bacteria.
  In this, the patient or person adapts himself to the antigens of disease.
IMViC:
  Vi is the antigen used in widal.
  This test is carried out for knowing the immunity of individual , hence it is a type of immunological test.
  IMViC is a vaccine derived from a virus for producing artificial active immunity.
  Koch's reagent is used in indole test.
  It is used to test the immune response of the patient, it is mainly for the viruses.
  It is a special test done for Salmonella sps.
  It is used for detection of anerobic bacteria.
  It is done at high pressure,
  It is an antigen-antibody reaction done to detect Rheumatic fever causing antigen.
  It is done in antibiotic sensitive slide.
  Indole test is conducted to find out the pathogenicity of the diseased blood sample.
  Indole test is done to show tryptophan amino acid is present in bacteria.
Nosocomial infections:
  These infections are restricted to nasal and mucosal membrane.
  Infection which occurs through nasal route, which is very difficult to take place is nosocomial infection.
Complement:
  Complement are the factor in the serum that are required for antigen-antibody reaction.
  There are type1, type 2, type 3 and type 4 complements.
  Complement in health may be useful for growth and treatment of diseases.
  Complement is needed in many places.
Nobel laureates:
  Wilson & Blair
  Lowenstein Jensen
  Hans Christian Gram
  Simmon
  Loeffler
  Louis Pasteur
  Dr. Nobel
IgM:
  It helps in the maintenance of optimum concentration of electrolytes in the blood and thus protects the blood.
IgG:
  IgG is the only immunoglobulin which can cross the placenta and supply nutrition to the new child.
  It is defined as globlin that have immunity to produce immune response as they produce Ig in immunity.
Millionaire molecule:
  DNA molecule is also known as millionaire molecule as it is rich source of genetic information.
  Water is named millionaire molecule because culture media, sterilization, for antigen-antibody reaction it is used. It acts as a vehicle for many experiments.
  These are substances present in large numbers.
Weil Felix test:
  Used to detect antibodies against S. typhi patients.
Widal test:
  Used for diagnosis of tuberculous bacilli.
Cold agglutination:
  This test is used to identify gemagglutinogens.
Paul Bunnel test:
  It is done for cold testing and is for infectious mononucleosis.
Hemagglutination:
  In this hemoglobin is used as antigen and agglutination is observed.
Coomb's test:
  It is a test to detect the antibody using commercially prepared antigen or antigens obtained from other organisms.
  Helps in the detection of various infective diseases.
Electron Microscope:
  Here the electrons of 0.005 nm in size are used instead of light and other radiations.
  When beam of light rays falls on the object through the condenser beam of electrons are reflected.
  Minute organisms can be seen, UV light is used.
  Used in laboratories to detect antibodies present.
  Resolving power or EM is 10 times more than light microscope.
  It helps to differentiate culture media.
  Electron beam of light is used to see microorganisms.
  It is used for detection of antigen-antibody reactions, for isolation of pure strains of bacteria.
  It is used in agglutination reactions.
BPL:
  Beta-propionaldehyde
Vaccines:
  There are two types of vaccines, live vaccine and dead vaccines.
  BCG vaccine is for typhoid.
  Vaccine are disinfective substances which are of diseased animals or plant antigen, which causes inhibition of growth of bacterias in our body.
  Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin vaccine.
  The vaccine when introduced in the body cause destruction of genetic material of the disease causing bacteria.
Exotoxins:
  Exotoxins are substances that are present in the body.
  Bacterial toxins are used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Endotoxins:
  Endotoxins are produced outside the body in brucellosis. They have no latent heat.
Transduction:
  Gene transfer occur through special structure called bacteriophage.
  Transduction is a process by which the transfer of DNA takes place by one gene to another gene. It takes place by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
  It is a method of sexual reproduction in bacteriophage.
Transformation:
  It is the transfer of DNA or genetic material from one bacterial cell to other bacterial cell without the aid of any involution form of bacteria.
Conjugation:
  When male bacteria carry sex pili comes in contact with female bacteria and forms conjugation spore between them.
  In conjugation female donor is converted to a male donor by a complement.
  Conjugates are formed and the binary fission also takes place in this process.
Pasteurization:
  The two method of pasteurization are holder method and free method.
  Here, milk is boiled above 100oC
  It is a process of purification of milk.
  It is a process of boiling milk at 100oC and suddenly cooling it to 30oC. This sudden decrease in temperature helps in purification of milk and kill all the microorganisms.
Anaerobic media:
  Examples are blood agar and chocolate agar.
  It is a non-lactose medium.
  Bacteria are cultured at 15-20% oxygen.
Precipitation:
  A process of deposition of filtrate when solvent is dried off.
  When antigen and antibody react and resemble as granules, it is called precipitation.
Hypersensitivity:
  Sudden response of cell to antigenic dose is called hypersensitivity.
  It is a reaction due to any stimulus, it may be higher or lower. If it is higher, it leads to reaction called hypersensitivity.
  It is defined as reversible reaction of an individual to an abnormal stimulus.
  It is a type of sensitivity occured when an antigen already present in the body reacts with another foreign antigen present in the body.
  When a honey bee bite a person, that affected area are swell and becomes red. After someday the honey bee bite that area again, the person is not affected much because the person is sensitized to that honey bee. This is an example of type 1 hypersensitivity.
  It is defined as the complex reaction taking place between antigen and antibody.
  It is defined as the sensitivity of a particular foreign body to the individual.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae:
  It releases a toxin called diphtheroid.
  Sputum specimen is collected from throat.
  Streptokinase and deoxyribonuclease enzymes also leads to pathogenesis.
  They also produce hemotoxins
  Diphtheria is described as uncontrolled urination.
  Sample to be collected in diphtheria is deep seated pus.
  Diphtheria causes diarrhea in infants and adults and is caused by ingestion of contaminated food and water.
  Diphtheria is also known as whooping cough.
  C. diphtheriae is the most important organism which causes diphtheria.
  Diphtheria causes severe diarrhea in infants.
  C. diphtheriae is gram negative cocci, which is oval in shape.
  It is prevented by giving vibrio ogawa inaba vaccine.
Autoimmunity:
  It is an immunity that is acquired by an individual after birth.
  Type I hypersensitivity is generally caused when there is overdose of any antigen to individual.
  It is defined as the sensitivity of any tissue against the foreign substance.
  It is a reaction between antigen and antibody, which leads to hypersensitivity reaction.
  It is defined as the bodily reaction of an organism to the bacterial invasion of body.
Herpes Simplex Virus:
  This is a virus causing AIDS.
  It has a inner capsule and outer capsule, which is covered by envelope with peptidoglycan.
Louis Pasteur:
  He was a great scientist who made research on Pasteurization.
  He invented Pasteur effect, which is very much required in the field of science.
  Lewis Pasteur is the father of immunology in bacteriology.
  He invented vaccine for polio, insulin etc.
  He discovered penicillin and gave new idea for microbiology.
  Louis Pasteur is a famous practitioner.
  Louis Pasteur was president of France.
  He had got noble prize for the discovery of Pasteurization
  He is also called father of pasteurization of milk.
  His contributions include Pasteur effect.
  He said all microorganisms are derived from their liked ones.
  He was a German scientist who was awarded Noble prize for discovery of penicillin.
  He was a scientist from Growcestorshire.
  He was a German scientist and a priest.
  He invented bacteriology.
ELISA:
  It is a non specific and inexpensive test.
  It is one of the most useful tests in almost all fields of science.
  It is an enzyme linked immunosuppressive assay.
  It is an enzyme liked immunosorbant assay.
  It is an enzyme linked immunosorbant adjuavnt.
  It is a technique used to determine the pathogenic effect of HIV in the individual's body.
  ELISA is same as immunofluorescence, which depends on particular wavelength of light.
Candidiasis:
  It is caused by Candida isrealii.
  The organ affected must be surgically removed along with penicillin therapy.
  Candida is gram positive cocci in chain, the bacterium causes disease candidiasis.
  It is a comment in the oral mouth.
  It gives rise to bluish spots in the oral cavity.
  Usage of tetracycline prevents oral thrush.
  It is a chronic granulomatous infection.
Adjuvant:
  There are two adjuvants, monococci and gonococci.
  The agents which reduces the surface tension of any fluid is adjuvant.
  These are chemical substances used in prophylaxis in bacterial lesions.
  They are present in drugs, Penicillin G is used as adjuvant in certain diseases.
  It is used in the detection of incomplete antibodies.
  It fixes the primary dye to the cytoplasm.
  Substances used to increase the activity of enzymes is called adjuvants.
  Natural adjuvants are atropine and DOPA.
  Any substance which the immunogenicity of the individual is called adjuvant.
  These are substances or chemicals which are added to reduce the side effect of a drug or chemical.
  Adjuvants are the agents that enhances the immunodeficiency of the antigen.
  Adjuvants are the substances which have excitatory function on general metabolism of body.
  They do not have any specific action, but improve overall condition of person.
  It may also enhance the growth of bacteria in culture.
  It increases the toxicity of an antigen and may render non-toxic antigen toxic.
  These are substances which increase or decrease structure and function of immune system.
  These are products of T cell, B cell and macrophage.
  Adjuvants are those which can replace actions or functions of other substances.
  There are three types of adjuvants; oral adjuvant, topical adjuvant and rectal adjuvant.
  They are non-specific antigen that are not produced by specific antigens.
Chancroid:
  It is the infection of soft bony tissue causing osteoporesis.
Group B Streptococci:
  One side of it is spherical and the other side is flat. These are spherical shaped bacteria that are arranged in clusters.
  Group B streptococci contains B gene.
Halophilic vibrios:
  They are comma shaped bacteria which grow well in the presence of halogen such as flourine, bromine, chlorine and iodine.
  Halophilic vibrio are group of Vibrio cholerae grown in medium without NaCl.
Clostridium tetani:
  Clostridia are gram positive bacilli which are non-capsulated, non-sporing, non acid-fast aerobic bacilli.
  Tetanus is a typical zoonotic disease which causes the microorganism to fight against each other to produce various lesions.
Plague:
  It is caused by E. coli, Shigella, vibrio
Monoclonal antibody:
  Monoclonal antibodies are the antibodies that are produced by the body for the first time.
  These are antibodies, which are similar and identical to each other.
  Large amounts of antibodies of higher class can be detected by monoclonal antibodies.
  Hybridoma means combining two antigens and making benefit action from it.
  It is used in the production of insulin, various vaccines and production of grafts to be transplanted.
Actinomyces:
  It is a pus forming cell which cause pimples on face
  This is a bacterium which causes syphilis in human beings.
  Actinomyces cause lesion in oral cavity, tuberculosis and syphilis.
Malaria:
  Malaria spreads through water, it is a water borne disease.
  Plasmodium bacteria gets into the body and circulates throughout the blood.
Mumps:
  it is caused due to sporing bacteria present in the body.
  virus can be cultivated by two ways, chemical cultivation and physical cultivation.
  The person who gets this viral infection is unable to walk or doing any kind of movements for about 10-20 minutes.
  It is a viral infection producing mumps in particular area of body namely feet, head, toes etc.
Vincent's angina:
  It occurs due to Vincent anthrax
  it is a pneumococcal infection.
  It is caused due to contamination of food & water through viruses in the air.
  It is a Herpes virus belonging to the Herpes group of Herepesviridae.
  The organism block the oxygen supply to the heart and cause angina.
  It is one of the DNA virus that cause heart failure.
  It is pain in the abdomen.
Oral thrush:
  It is a disease caused by Staphylococci in ageing & dilapidated old people.
  Oral thrush is mainly found in skin, genitilia, and internal organ.
  The smear is incubated at 70oC about 1.5 hours, the smear appear as red nodule if it is positive.
  Diclofenac sodium is the tablet preferred in oral thrush.
Carrier:
  Carrier is defined as the substance that acts as a vehicle for the transport of the substance.
Disinfection:
  These are substances that are free from any of the organisms that are causing any reaction/infection to the organisms.
Catalase:
  Catalase is an enzyme which makes the reaction to proceed fast.
Oxidase:
  Oxidase is an enzyme which it do the process of adding oxygen to reaction.
Fluctuation test:
  It is a test which help us to determine how the bacteria fluctuate.
  It is the test which determines the capacity of a microorganism to have pathogenicity after being repeatedly sterilized.
  It is the test which depicts the fluctuation of antigens and antibodies.
  In this test sedimentation occurs due to reaction between antigen and antibody, which forms a floccules and are suspended in the medium.
  It is a test done for the consistency of fluid; whether it is exudate or transudate.
  It is a test done to know the exact concentration at which antigen and antibody precipitate.
  This test is done to detect new organism which can decompose tryptophan and release indole.
  It is an identification test for bacteria. It is also called methyl peroxidase test.
Transposon:
  These are the proteins which are formed due to the result of antigen-antibody reaction.
  These are substances which helps in the transmission of the desired character to DNA structure.
Plasma sterilization:
  It is a technique which is used to sterilize medium like Loefflers medium.
  It is done by heating plasma to 56oC for 20 minutes.
  It is done on blood agar medium.
  It is a technique to sterilize human plasma.
Premunition:
  It is defined as the mutation that occurs in the DNA structure during the replication of DNA.
  It is the development of the inactive larval stage of the pathogen in the intermediate host, which is not affected.
  Infection of a person by a carrier is premunition.
  It is the process of killing bacteria before maturity.
  Premunition are heterophile reagents that may be present in one or more forms of species.
  Before the infection of any disease, vaccine given to a person is called premunition.
Capnophilic bacteria:
  Capnophilic bacteria have capsule around them.
  These are aerobic  bacteria that are stained by basic dyes.
  Capnophilic bacteria are those which grow on the feces.
  Capnophilic bacteria love cold environment.
  These are capno-loving bacteria.
  Capnophilic bacteria are those that grow on dead and decaying bacteria.
  The bacteria which are highly resistant to the temperature in the range of 250oC are known as capnophilic bacteria.
Enriched media:
  It is a type of differential media or special media.
Latent infection:
  It is a type of infection in which there is a delay for the symptoms to appear from the time of entry of the pathogen into the host.
  Infection produced for a long time.
  Infections which occur late, even in the presence of carrier from beginning.
  Pathogen when enters the body remains dormant but causes infection when the person becomes well nourished.
Robert Koch:
  He introduced types of bacteriology.
  Detected viruses against anthrax and plague.
  He found that pure culture media can be taken from wounds.
  He developed vaccine like Salk's for polio and smallpox vaccine.
Cold sterilization:
  It is called chemical method of sterilization.
  It is the sterilization that is done at negative temperature. E.g., refrigerator.
Autoclave:
  It is a dry heat type of sterilization.
  It contains cylindrical vessel coated with asbestos from inside.
Sterilization:
  It is defined as growing bacteria from any organism.
Dane's particle:
  It is an antibody particle which react with antigen to form antigen-antibody complex.
  These are proteinaceous particles secreted by Salmonella typhi.
Coagulase test:
  In this the medium contains the coagulase enzyme which dissolves coagulation in the colony. As a result the colonies are easily emulsified.
  When the patients serum is added to specific antigen in the medium the reaction may take place. To check this reaction, complement is added to it later.
  It is an enzyme present in S. aureus which has the property to coagulate human erythrocytes.
  It is a test to identify enzymes of Streptococci.
  It is the most appropriate test to differentiate between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus.
  This test is done to determine the coagulability of bacteria.
  It is the test done to see the formation of coagulase enzyme by bacteria in tissue and cells of the host.
  In this the medium contains the coagulase enzyme which dissolves coagulation in the colony, as a result the colonies are easily emulsified.
  When the patients serum is added to specific antigen in the medium the reaction may take place. To check this reaction, complement is added to it later.
Coagglutinatin test:
  Coagglutination is a process in which both the antigen and antibody move under stimuli and coagglutinate.
  It is a test in which the serum of horse and erythrocytes of sheep and antiserum are taken and allowed to react. This results in agglutination.
  Complement fixation is known as coagglutination.
  It is a type of agglutination of two differet types of antibodies present in serum.
  It is a process of agglutination in insoluble medium.
  When an antigen is added to serum, it causes agglutination. This is called coagglutination.
  It is that type of material which coagulates the system.
  Always antigen-antibody is not available for producing agglutination, in such situations receptors on the antigen is altered so as to undergo coagglutination.
  It refers to antigen-antibody reaction of several vectors at the same time.
  Coagglutination means agglutination will take place.
  Coagglutination is a process in which both the antigen and antibody move under stimuli and coagglutinate.
  It is a test in which the serum of horse and erythrocytes of sheep and antiserum are taken and allowed to react. This results in agglutination.
Herd immunity:
  Herd immunity is also known as atopy, it runs in family.
  It is also called innate or inborn immunity and it is the immunity acquired by baby from mother.
  It is type of immunity in herd or community. All individuals are inert to a type of antigen.
  Total resistance to chicken pox in Tokyo.
  Immunity against zoonotic diseases.
  It is the immunity acquired by the child from mother through colostrum.
  It is also known as heredity immunity.
  Immunity occurring in body when particular antigen reach the body and causes antigen antibody reaction.
  Immunity in herd is called herd immunity.
  Immunization of a particular place which is highly prone for to a particular disease.
  It is the immunity developed by the individual to the previous immunization.
  It is a type of immunity in which immune response is irregular and does not produce antigen antibody reactions.
  Herd immunity is acquired by taking live attenuated and killed vaccine from other organisms like snake venom in cases of snake bites.
VDRL test:
  It can be done in case of syphilis, gonorrhoea, hepatitis and sometimes HIV also. It can be used for both bacterial and viral organisms.
  Modifications of VDRL are RPR, FTA & FTA-ABS tests.
  Used in the serodiagnosis of various venereal diseases caused by bacteria.
  It is a special test done using special slide, where it is used to see the agglutination between specimen and sheep blood.
  It is used to detect typhoid fever.
  Toxins produced by T. pallidum are HCO antigen. These toxins are agglutinated by specific endotoxins which agglutinates the toxins.
  Venereal disease research laboratory is located in Chennai, which described VDRL test.
  The slide is rotated for 180 rpm for four minutes and then incubated at 37oC for 12-24 hours.
  The VDRL slide is centrifuged manually or using VDRL centrifuges.
Cholera:
  Specimen collected for diagnosis is sputum and throat swab. Three early morning sputum on consecutive days is collected.
  Specimen collected is sputum, laryngeal swab and urine.
  The patient is asked to collect stool in a wide mouthed sterile container after proper cleaning of the genital area.
DPT Vaccine:
  It contains D, P and toxin, hence it is a multi-immune complex.
  DPT is also given to the person with disease as a treatment.
 
Satellitism:
  It is a mode of attachment of an antigen to an antibody.
  Pseudomonas has extra antigens such as X and V.
  H. influenzae are arranged in a satellite. This is known as satellitism.
  It refers to light in which it is focused to the line to some extent repeatedly.
Neil-Mooser reaction:
  In this, antiserum of a patient suffering from typhus is injected into a normal person.
  Inflammation of rectum, erythema and induration occurs. Because of rectal inflammation, testis can't be pushed back.
  It is a diagnostic test for Shigella. In this test 0.1 ml of pure protein derivative is mixed with serum of bacteria.
  It is done in case of Chlamydia, in diseases such as otitis, acute keratoconjunctivitis, and LGV diseases.
Heterophile antigen:
  Heterrophile antigens are present in same species of different individuals.
  It is a type of incomplete antigen which does not act specifically with an antigen.
 

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