LONG ESSAY QUESTIONS
- Classify Chlamydia. Describe the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydial infections.
- Classify Enterobacteriaceae and describe the laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection.
- Classify Herpes group of viruses. Describe pathogenesis and clinical features of herpes simplex infection.
- Classify Mycobacteria and give brief account of atypical Mycobacteria.
- Classify Mycobacteria and name the diseases produced by them. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
- Classify Staphylococci. Describe the pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis briefly.
- Classify anaerobic spore bearers. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of tetanus.
- Classify antigen-antibody reactions and describe their applications in laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases.
- Classify atypical Mycobacteria and describe the characteristics of various atypical Mycobacteria.
- Classify food poisoning with examples. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of food poisoning.
- Classify immunity. Describe artificially acquired passive immunity.
- Classify microfilaria and describe a method of finding live microfilaria in blood.
- Classify spirochetes and discuss the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis.
- Classify spirochetes. Describe briefly non specific serological tests used for the diagnosis of syphilis
- Classify spirochetes. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis.
- Classify streptococci. Add a note on serological diagnosis of streptococcal infections.
- Classify streptococci. List the lesions caused by Streptococus pyogenes. Add a note on ASO test.
- Classify the family Enterobacteriaceae. Describe in detail the laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever.
- Classify the methods of sterilization and disinfection. Describe sterilization methods by autoclave.
- Classify trematodes. Write briefly about the life cycle and pathogenesis of Schistosoma hematobium.
- Compare and contrast the cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity with respect to their activity.
- Define and classify Hypersensitivity. Briefly write about type I hypersensitivity reactions.
- Define and classify hypersensitivity. Enumerate the differences between immediate and delayed hypersensitivity.
- Define and classify immunity. Write briefly on innate immunity.
- Define complement and describe the alternate pathway of complement activation. Give one example.
- Define the morphology and pathogenesis of rabies virus. Add a note on prophylaxis of rabies.
- Describe briefly the mechanism and application of agglutination tests.
- Describe morphological, cultural and toxic characters of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
- Describe the biological functions of complement.
- Describe the different methods of cultivation of viruses.
- Describe the laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Mention the tests done for identification of M.tuberculosis.
- Describe the laboratory methods employed in the diagnosis of viral infections.
- Describe the mechanism of genetic exchange in bacteria.
- Describe the mechanism of precipitation reaction. List several ways in which the precipitation tests can be useful.
- Describe the morphology and cultural characteristics of Vibrio cholera. Mention the laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of cholera.
- Describe the morphology and life cycle of Leishmania donovani. Write briefly on the laboratory diagnosis of kala-azar.
- Describe the morphology, cultural characters and pathogenicity of Bacillus anthracis. Outline the procedure in laboratory diagnosis of an infection by this organism.
- Describe the morphology, life cycle and pathogenesis of Wuchereria bancrofti.
- Describe the morphology, life cycle and pathogenicity of Echinococcus granulosus.
- Describe the principle and uses of fluorescence microscopy.
- Describe the stool in intestinal amoebiasis giving both macroscopic and microscopic findings.
- Describe the structure of typical bacterial cell. List the function of each part.
- Describe the structure, classes and functions of immunoglobulin.
- Describe the use of embryonated egg in virology.
- Describe the various causes of dysentery in tropics. Describe in detail the laboratory diagnosis of bacillary dysentery.
- Differentiate between the terms infection and infectious diseases. Describe in detail microbial factors responsible for pathogenicity.
- Discuss in detail the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. What are the prophylactic measures adopted against this disease?
- Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diarrhoea.
- Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever and its prophylaxis.
- Discuss viral hepatitis with particular reference to laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis.
- Enumerate all antigen-antibody reactions and describe in detail any one of them.
- Enumerate all the respiratory viruses. Outline the steps taken to establish the viral etiology in the laboratory.
- Enumerate different members of sporozoa. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of malaria. Add a note on prophylaxis of malaria.
- Enumerate the bacteria causing diarrhoea and write in detail the laboratory diagnosis of any one bacterial infectious diarrhoea.
- Enumerate the different classes of immunoglobulins. Draw a neat diagram of the immunoglobulin molecule and label the parts. Write the characteristics of the different immunoglobulins.
- Enumerate the growth requirement of bacteria. Describe in detail the methods of anaerobic culture.
- Enumerate the helminths that cause anemia. Briefly describe the life cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale.
- Enumerate the intestinal nematodes parasitic to man. Describe the life cycle and pathogenicity of Necator americanus
- Enumerate the organism causing urinary tract infections. Outline the steps in the laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection.
- Enumerate the parasites causing anemia. Describe the life cycle and laboratory diagnosis of any one of these.
- Enumerate the somatic (tissue) nematodes. Describe in brief the life cycle and pathogenesis of Dracunculus medinensis.
- Enumerate various pathogenic Clostridia. Describe the morphology and laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium tetani.
- List STD. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of acute and chronic gonorrhoea in both the sexes.
- List the Corynebacteria found in human beings. Describe the laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of diphtheria.
- List the aroboviruses prevalent in India. Add a note on KFD.
- List the bacterial agents encountered in pyogenic meningitis. Discuss the steps in laboratory diagnosis of meningitis caused by any one of them.
- Mention the viruses causing Hepatitis. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of serum hepatitis and its prophylaxis.
- Name the Herpes viruses. Discuss their role in human oncogenesis.
- Name the agents of Pyrexia of Unknown Origin. Describe the pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and prophylaxis of typhoid fever.
- Name the causes of bacterial meningitis. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of cerebrospinal fever.
- Name the infections acquired from rats. Describe the pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis.
- Name the malaraial parasites of man. Describe the sexual cycle of the parasite in detail.
- Name the malarial parasite. Describe the life cycle and laboratory diagnosis of malaria.
- Name the malarial parasites. Write briefly on life cycle, pathogenicity and laboratory diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum.
- Name the parasites that can be detected in blood smear. Describe the morphology of gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum.
- What are heterotrophic bacteria? Discuss the nutritional and physical requirements for the growth of bacteria.
- What are immunoglobulins? Outline the role they play in host defence. Add a note on clonal selection theory.
- What is agglutination? Discuss the mechanism involved and practical uses of various types of agglutination reactions.
- What is drug resistance? Describe the mechanism of development of drug resistance in bacteria.
- What is meant by antibiotic susceptibility testing? List the various methods used and write in brief the mode of action of antibiotics.
- Write a short essay on the laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytosis.
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