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Enumerate the organism causing urinary tract infections.
Outline the steps in the laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection.
Mention the viruses causing Hepatitis. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of serum hepatitis and its prophylaxis.
Define and classify Hypersensitivity. Briefly write about type I hypersensitivity reactions.

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Laboratory diagnosis of toxoplasmosis
Structure and function of MHC
Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis
Nosocomial infections
Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Antibiotic susceptibility testing
Oncogenic viruses
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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A 35 year old male patient presents with an abscess near the neck.
What are pyogenic bacteria?
Name some pyogenic bacteria.
How is the specimen collected from abscesses?
Which are the investigations performed?
What is the significance of coagulase test?

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Which of the following is not a pigmented bacterium? Quiz availaible in different sections and levels for UG and PGs.
Visual quiz is also available for PGs.

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Blood agar:
It is an enriched medium. It is prepared by the addition of 5% sheep or horse blood to base that has been cooled to 50^oC. It is useful in culturing many fastidious bacteria and in determining their hemolytic pattern.

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What are the conditions when Gram positive bacteria can appear Gram negative?
• When over-decolourized by either prolonged exposure to decolourizer or using acetone alone.
• When cell wall gets damaged by exposure to lysozyme or cell wall acting antibiotics such as Penicillin.
• Old cultures, where cell wall is weakened
• Those bacteria that are phagocytosed, where cell wall is acted upon by lysosomal contents

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Fluctuation test:
It is a test which help us to determine how the bacteria fluctuate.
It is the test which determines the capacity of a microorganism to have pathogenicity after being repeatedly sterilized.
It is the test which depicts the fluctuation of antigens and antibodies.
It is a test done for the consistency of fluid; whether it is exudate or transudate.

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